There are large differences in the age of onset, as you can see in the chart. One simple way to think about depression is to imagine episodes as a series of waves shown below , where each episode lasts for weeks or months, before the episode ends. For some people, this will be their only experience of depression for years, possibly ever. After a single wave of symptoms, they will have recovered.
For others, even after an episode of severe depression, they might still have a high baseline level of symptoms.
Episodes of depression can last different lengths of time. Some people will have episodes that are mild, while others will have episodes that are severe. Many will have a combination of mild and severe episodes.
Some will experience many episodes of depression, while others will only experience one episode or none at all. Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions in the world, so the intricacies of the condition have important consequences for a large number of people. Our understanding of depression influences how we diagnose the condition.
It influences how we manage and treat it, and how we track changes in its levels over time. There is a lot we already know about depression, but there is still a lot that is less clear. Depression is a condition of the mind, which makes it difficult to study.
We still have to rely on people to report their symptoms accurately. Studies have suggested there are many subtypes of depression, but we have limited information on how valid they all are and how to define them. We now know that people with depression experience different symptoms, with different levels of severity, at different times in their lives, and have episodes lasting different lengths of time.
Anxiety disorders arise in a number of forms including phobic, social, obsessive compulsive OCD , post-traumatic disorder PTSD , or generalized anxiety disorders. The symptoms and diagnostic criteria for each subset of anxiety disorders are unique. The series of charts here present global data on the prevalence and disease burden which results from this range of anxiety disorders.
The prevalence of anxiety disorders across the world varies from 2. Globally an estimated million people experienced an anxiety disorder in , making it the most prevalent mental health or neurodevelopmental disorder. Around 63 percent million were female , relative to million males. In all countries women are more likely to experience anxiety disorders than men. Prevalence trends by age can be found here. Characteristically, recovery is usually complete between episodes, and the incidence in the two sexes is more nearly equal than in other mood disorders.
As patients who suffer only from repeated episodes of mania are comparatively rare, and resemble in their family history, premorbid personality, age of onset, and long-term prognosis those who also have at least occasional episodes of depression, such patients are classified as bipolar.
The prevalence of bipolar disorder across the world varies from 0. Globally, an estimated 46 million people in the world had bipolar disorder in , with 52 and 48 percent being female and male, respectively. In almost all countries women are more likely to experience bipolar disorder than men. Prevalence of bipolar disorder by age can be found here. Eating disorders are defined as psychiatric conditions defined by patterns of disordered eating.
This therefore incorporates a spectrum of disordered eating behaviours. The underlying sources presented here present data only for the disorders of anorexia and bulimia nervosa as defined below. It is therefore expected that the data presented below significantly underestimates the true prevalence of eating disorders, since it concerns only clinically-diagnosed anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
An apparent exception is the persistence of vaginal bleeds in anorexic women who are receiving replacement hormonal therapy, most commonly taken as a contraceptive pill. There may also be elevated levels of growth hormone, raised levels of cortisol, changes in the peripheral metabolism of the thyroid hormone, and abnormalities of insulin secretion;.
With recovery, puberty is often completed normally, but the menarche is late. When bulimia occurs in diabetic patients they may choose to neglect their insulin treatment. There is often, but not always, a history of an earlier episode of anorexia nervosa, the interval between the two disorders ranging from a few months to several years. The prevalence of eating disorders anorexia and bulimia nervosa ranges from 0. Globally an estimated 16 million had clinical anorexia and bulimia nervosa in Bulimia was more common: around 79 percent had bulimia nervosa.
In every country women are more likely to experience an eating disorder than men. Eating disorders tend to be more common in young adults aged between 15 and 34 years old. Trends in prevalence by age can be found here. Direct deaths can result from eating disorders through malnutrition and related health complications. The chart shows the estimated number of direct deaths from anorexia and bulimia nervosa.
Evidence suggests that having an eating disorder can increase the relative risk of suicide ; suicide deaths in this case are not included here. Trends in death rates from eating disorders can be found here. The prevalence of schizophrenia typically ranges from 0. Overall the prevalence of schizophrenia is slightly higher in men than women. Prevalence by age can be found here. The determinants, onset and severity of mental health disorders are complex — they can rarely be attributed to a single factor.
Identifying potential risk factors form an important element of health research, potential prevention and in some cases, appropriate treatment; nonetheless, many risk factors remain only correlates of observed patterns in mental health. They therefore need to be interpreted carefully. The World Health Organization synthesize the potential contributors to mental health and wellbeing into three categories: These factors often interact, compound or negate one another and should therefore not be considered as individual traits or exposures.
For example, particular individual traits may make a given person more vulnerable to mental health disorders with the onset of a particular economic or social scenario — the instance of one does not necessarily result in a mental health disorder, but combined there is a significantly higher vulnerability. The risk factors and influencers on mental health vary significantly for an individual as they move through the life-course.
The following are acknowledged risk factors for a given stage of life. Pregnancies which are unwanted or in adolescence can increase the likelihood of detrimental behaviours of the mother during pregnancy, and the environmental or family conditions of childhood.
During pregnancy, detrimental behaviours including tobacco, alcohol and drug use can increase the likelihood of later mental health disorders for children; malnutrition, low-birth weight and micronutrient deficiency for example, iodine deficiency can also influence later mental health vulnerabilities.
There is a large base of evidence which shows that emotional attachment in early childhood has a considerable impact on later vulnerability to mental health and wellbeing. Child maltreatment and neglect has been found to have a significant impact on vulnerabilities to mental wellbeing.
Childhood conditions form a critical component of health and wellbeing later in life. Negative experiences, either at home or outside of the home for example, bullying in school can have lifelong impacts on the development of core cognitive and emotional skills.
Poor socioeconomic conditions also have a significant effect on vulnerability to mental health disorders; in a study in Sweden, the authors found that children raised in families of poor socioeconomic backgrounds had an increased risk of psychosis. Poor economic resources, shown through poor housing conditions for example, can be seen by children as shameful or degrading and affect aspects of childhood learning, communication and interaction with peers.
Children with a parent who has a mental illness or substance use disorder have a higher risk of psychiatric problems themselves.
Adolescence is typically the stage of life where mental health disorders tend to become more apparent. The risk factors and contributors to wellbeing in childhood apply equally to those in adolescence. In addition, several other contributing factors appear.
It is in the years of adolescence that the use of substances including alcohol and drugs first appear. Substance use is particularly hazardous and harmful for adolescents because individuals are still developing both mentally and physically.
Peer pressure, and media influences also become more prominent over these years. Exposure to substance use is not only an important risk factor for other mental health disorders, but also linked to poorer educational outcomes, more risky sexual behaviour and increased exposure to violence and conflict.
Experiences and emotional capabilities developed through childhood and adolescence are important factors in the effect that particular events and scenarios in adulthood have on mental health outcomes. The WHO highlight that critical to wellbeing in adulthood is the allocation and balance between work and leisure time.
Exposure to high stress and anxiety is strongly influenced by the share of time working, caring for others, or time spent in an insecure economic environment. Individuals with poor socioeconomic security, and in particular unemployment, are also at higher risk to mental health disorders. Individuals of older age are of notably high risk of poorer mental health and wellbeing.
This typically results from notable changes in life conditions such as a cease in employment which affects both the feeling of contribution and economic freedom , higher social exclusion, and loneliness. This is particularly true when an older individual begins to lose close family and friends. Bereavement in general is an important predictor of mental health disorders such as depression.
Older individuals are also at higher risk of abuse or neglect from carers and in some cases, family members. The link between mental health and substance use disorders and suicide is well-documented.
We cover suicide statistics more broadly in our full entry on Suicide , however here we attempt to distil the key findings on the links between mental health and substance use and suicide. Although mental health and substance use disorders is within the top-five causes of disease burden globally as measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years; DALYs , accounting for approximately 7 percent of the burden, several authors have highlighted that such figures — since they do not include suicide DALYs — underestimate the true cost of mental health disorders.
Providing a more accurate estimate of total mental health burden therefore requires some understanding of the connection between these disorders and suicide. Meta-analyses of psychological autopsy studies of suicide across high-income countries suggest that up to 90 percent of suicides occur as a result of an underlying mental health or substance use disorder.
While available data and studies are more scarce across lower-to-middle income countries, evidence across countries including China, Taiwan and India suggest that this proportion is significantly lower elsewhere.
In such cases, understanding the nature of self-harm methods between countries is important; in these countries a high percentage of self-harming behaviours are carried out through more lethal methods such as poisoning often through pesticides and self-immolation.
This means that in a high number of cases self-harming behaviours can prove fatal, even if there was not a clear intent to die. Based on review across a number of meta-analysis studies the authors estimated that 68 percent of suicides across China, Taiwan and India were attributed to mental health and substance use disorders; across other countries this share was approximately 85 percent.
In their estimates of total attributable disease burden, the authors concluded that mental health and substance use disorders were responsible for 62 percent of total DALYs from suicide.
Although the total prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders does not show a direct relationship to suicide rates as shown in the chart above , there are notable links between specific types of mental health disorders and suicide. In their meta-study of the mental health-suicide relationship, Ferrari et al. The figures in the table represent estimates of the increased risk of suicide for an individual with one of the following disorders.
An individual with depression, for example, is 20 times more likely to die from suicide than someone without; some with anxiety disorder around 3 times; schizophrenia around 13 times; bipolar disorder 6 times; and anorexia 8 times as likely. The statistics presented in the entry above focus on aggregate estimates of prevalence across total populations.
In the chart we present data on depression prevalence across a number of OECD countries, disaggregated by education level and employment status. There are multiple reasons why this data may differ from IHME statistics presented above: it is based only on adults aged years old, and focuses on self-reported depression only.
The lack of differentiation in these surveys between mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder mean that self-reported depression data may include individuals with these other disorders.
Categories in the chart have been coloured based on education level, with further categorisation based on whether groups are employed, actively seeking employment, and the total of employed, active and unemployed. It is also notable that the large differences in education level close or disappear when we look only at the sub-group of those employed. Overall, the prevalence of depression appears to be lower in individuals in employment relative to those actively seeking employment, or the total population which also includes the unemployed.
Is the prevalence of mental health disorders reflected in self-reported life satisfaction or happiness? Overall, evidence suggests that there is a negative correlation between prevalence of particular mental health disorders depression and anxiety have been the most widely assessed and self-reported life satisfaction. This suggests that life satisfaction and happiness tends to be lower in individuals experiencing particular mental health disorders. We discuss the link and evidence for this relationship in our entry on Happiness and Life Satisfaction.
Mental health is known to be an important risk factor for the development of substance use disorders either in the form of alcohol or illicit drug dependencies.
The increased risk of a substance use disorder varies by mental health disorder type:. There are a number of options for mental health treatment and recovery — choice of treatment and its effectiveness will be specific to a number of factors including the mental health disorder, its severity, previous treatment and the individual. One option for treatment of depression is the prescription of antidepressant drugs. But are antidepressant drugs effective in reducing the severity of depression?
In the chart we present the results of the latest and largest meta-analysis on antidepressant drug efficacy to date, as published by Cipriani et al. This meta-analysis assessed the effectiveness of 21 antidepressant drugs relative to a placebo across trials comprising , participants. The odds-ratio measures the likelihood of a positive response from the antidepressant relative to the placebo where a value of 2.
As shown, all 21 antidepressant drugs were more effective than the placebo in reducing the severity of depression in adults. They did, however, vary in effectiveness. The use and choice of antidepressants will therefore be specific to the individual dependent on a range of factors and their response to treatment.
The widespread issue of underreporting means accurate and representative data on the prevalence of disorders is difficult to define. If relying on mental health diagnoses alone, this underestimation would be severe. Prevalence figures would be likely to reflect healthcare spending which allows for more focus on mental health disorders rather than giving a representative perspective on differences between countries; high-income countries would likely show significantly higher prevalence as a result of more diagnoses.
Where raw data for a particular country is scarce, epidemiological data and meta-regression models must be used based on available data from neighbouring countries. Data quality issues are described below. The data presented here therefore offers an estimate rather than official diagnosis of mental health prevalence based on medical, epidemiological data, surveys and meta-regression modelling. This is currently one of the only sources which produces global level estimates across most countries on the prevalence and disease burden of mental health and substance use disorders.
Nonetheless, the GBD acknowledges the clear data gaps which exist on mental health prevalence across the world. Despite being the 5th largest disease burden at a global level and with within the top three across many countries , detailed data is often lacking. This is particularly true of lower-income countries. The Global Burden of Disease note that the range of epidemiological studies they draw upon for global and national estimates are unequally distributed across disorders, age groups, countries and epidemiological parameters.
To deal with this issue and be able to include data derived using various study methodologies and designs, GBD makes use of DisMod-MR, version 2. The software makes it possible to pool all of the epidemiological data available for a given disorder into a weighted average, while simultaneously adjusting for known sources of variability in estimates reported across studies.
These may involve:. Clinical depression is treatable. Though, according to the WHO, less than 50 percent of those worldwide with depression receive treatment. The most common treatment methods are antidepressant medications and psychological counseling. In adults with moderate to severe depression, 40 to 60 people out of who took antidepressants noticed improved symptoms after six to eight weeks.
This was compared with 20 to 40 people out of who noticed improvement with just a placebo. The American Psychiatric Association suggests that a combination of both antidepressants and psychological counseling is, on average, more effective.
But, each treatment on their own have roughly the same effectiveness. According to a study , therapy had a lower rate of relapse at the one- to two-year follow-up. Psychotherapy was found to have a significantly lower rate of relapse The study also found that psychotherapy had lower dropout rates than medication regimens.
This method uses magnetic pulses to stimulate the parts of your brain that regulate mood. Treatments are usually administered five days a week for six weeks. Psychotherapy and medication including vitamin D also work for seasonal depression. This condition can also be treated with light therapy. Seasonal depression can sometimes improve on its own during the spring and summer months when daylight hours are longer.
Shop for light therapy products. For severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy ECT may be used. ECT is a procedure in which electrical currents are passed through the brain. Prolonged or chronic depression can have a devastating impact on your emotional and physical health. Untreated, it may put your life at risk. Mental Health America reports that 30 to 70 percent of those who have died by suicide have depression or bipolar disorder.
Other complications of depression can lead to:. Adding these 10 simple self-care strategies to your daily routine can be effective for managing depression. The process of continuously thinking about the same thoughts is called rumination. A habit of rumination can be dangerous to your mental health, as it…. From worsening anxiety to making depression more likely, sugar is harmful to your mental health. Even trying to cut back on the sweet stuff may…. Jamie Friedlander's anxiety caused a lot of sleep problems.
So, she set out to see if a gravity blanket would help her get a more peaceful night's…. Watching a friend live with depression can be painful, but there are ways to help.
Learn what to do, avoid, and how to recognize the signs of suicidal…. People who experience anhedonia have a decreased ability to feel pleasure. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Depression affects people from all walks of life, no matter their background. It can affect people of all ages as well.
Understanding the latest depression statistics could increase awareness about mental health , and recognizing how widespread it is could also help reduce the stigma—which might encourage more people to seek treatment.
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database.
Brain chemistry, hormones, genetics, life experiences, and physical health can all play a role. Depression can begin at any age and it can affect people of all races and across all socioeconomic statuses. Here are some of the statistics on the demographics of people with depression:. A survey conducted by the CDC found that the prevalence of depression decreases among adults as family income levels increase.
While they don't speculate as to the cause, it may be that increased income results in less money-related stress and improved access to mental health services. The survey also revealed that prevalence rates among men and women have been fairly consistent over the last decade. Research has shown that women experience depression at roughly twice the rate as men. While the exact causes of this gender disparity are unclear, this increased prevalence in women is often linked to factors such as hormones, life circumstances, and stress.
While anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U. The most recent depression statistics include:. Depressive disorder with seasonal pattern formerly known as seasonal affective disorder or SAD is a pattern of depressive episodes that occur in line with seasonal changes.
Most commonly, it is diagnosed in winter in people who live in colder climates. Summer-type seasonal pattern, while possible, is less often diagnosed.
Here are the latest statistics on depressive disorders with seasonal patterns:. But some women experience postpartum depression that makes it difficult for them to care for themselves or their babies after giving birth.
Here are the statistics on postpartum depression:. Untreated depression increases a person's risk of suicide. Here are the latest statistics on suicide:. Depression can begin during childhood or during the teenage years. Similar to the prevalence rates in adults, girls are more likely to experience depression than boys. Although there has been a rise in teenage depression, according to a American Academy of Pediatrics study, there has not been a corresponding increase in treatment for teenagers.
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