Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit. Combinations with the following substances can cause dangerously high serotonin levels. Serotonin syndrome requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal if left untreated.
From PsychonautWiki. Physical effects. Visual effects. Cognitive effects. Auditory effects. After effects. Eur J Pharmacol. Nonneurotoxic tetralin and indan analogs of 3,4- methylenedioxy amphetamine MDA. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.
Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry ; Serotonin neurotoxicity in rats after combined treatment with a dopaminergic agent followed by a non-neurotoxic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA analog.
Novel serotonergic agents. Drug Design and Discovery. Studies on the mechanism of p-chloroamphetamine neurotoxicity.
Biochemical Pharmacology. Indan analogs of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine have reduced neurotoxic potential. Journal of Medical Toxicology. ISSN OCLC British Journal of Anaesthesia.
PMID The Danish Medicines Agency. September Nichols et al. After 1 week of recovery, there were no significant changes in levels of any of the measured neurotransmitters or SERT compared with controls; by contrast, significant reductions in the neurotransmitter levels and SERT were induced by MDMA.
It was concluded that both drugs have MDMA-like behavioral pharmacology but without lasting 5-HT neurotoxicity following an acute, very high dose. However, the effects of chronic administration of MDAI most drugs, whether for medical or recreational purposes are taken on multiple occasions were not investigated until much later, and research on the chronic effects of aminoindanes, including MDAI, is still lacking. Separated sera, whole brains, livers, and lungs were analyzed.
When compared with s. These results can be associated with potential selective MDAI neurotoxicity, exacerbated by combination with other drugs 6. Very little is known about acute behavioral effects of aminoindanes in animal studies. Three different s. At all doses used, MDAI showed a disruptive effect on sensorimotor gating and, most evidently, at testing onset 15 min. These changes may alter information processing and induce a schizophrenic state MDAI increased trajectory length in a dose-related manner, but not dramatically.
MDAI has short-acting, slightly stimulatory and anxiolytic effects In another animal model, in Swiss-Webster mice, Gatch et al. Lower MDAI doses produced a rapid onset of locomotor depression and at higher doses, a slower onset of locomotor stimulation was observed, but it was longer lasting. This can lead users to combine MDAI with other drugs with stimulatory potency. Since no clinical trial has yet been performed in humans with recreational aminoindanes, information about subjective effects and health risks comes from subjective personal experiences shared on drug website platforms, wikis, and discussion fora.
The adverse effects described by users include dehydration, increased perspiration, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and tachycardia. Several routes of administration have been reported from insufflation, oral ingestion to rectal application. The latter has the fastest onset of effects. Smoking and injecting have not been described 6 , 41 , The onset of subjective psychoactive effects is reported to be around 30 min and their peak varies from 45 min up to 3 h after being taken orally.
The wide time-window for peak effects after oral use could be caused by different product purities 6 , 43 : administration routes and factors influencing absorption e. The doses of 5-IAI in trip reports are approximately mg orally for a mild effect Palenicek et al. This was unexpected, since Nichols et al. While for s. The autopsy and histologic evaluation of tissues of deceased animals confirmed serotonin syndrome as a causal factor in death, with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and brain edema implicated.
Gatch et al. Experiments on thermoregulation clearly showed that MDAI dramatically increased body temperature accompanied by profound perspiration, particularly when administered to rats housed in groups.
However, in the case of aminoindanes, where primary activity is on the 5-HT system, stimulation is limited. This often leads users to consume aminoindanes in larger doses to increase the DA release or in drug cocktails with stimulants such as AMPH, cocaine, or MDMA to potentiate the stimulatory properties of the drug.
In these combinations, when 5-HT-ergic substances potentiate DA-ergic substances, an unexpected neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity may occur 6 , MDAI has been related to renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hepatic failure, and increased risk of primary pulmonary hypertension or valvular heart disease Furthermore, MDAI-related deaths have been reported: a year-old woman died of cardiac arrest with postmortem toxicological tests detecting MDAI at a concentration of No other drugs or metabolites were detected.
At the time of writing, only a few aminoindanes are controlled in some parts of the EU. For instance, the UK has not specifically restricted aminoindanes yet 4. Although there are some existing studies focusing on MDAI, more research should be performed on the behavioral effects and toxicity of this substance.
As we have shown in this review, fatal intoxications connected with MDAI have been reported and animal studies provided evidence of its potentially deadly toxicity due to serotonin syndrome. Furthermore, there is lack of information about toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of the other aminoindanes.
An important issue is also the legal status of these substances, since just a few EU countries control aminoindanes. This may increase the probability of their recreational use and, in turn, the incidence of acute toxicity. NP contributed to the writing of the paper, searched for relevant literature, and composed the main idea for the study. RH and TP discussed the content of manuscript, added comments and critical feedback, and contributed to the final version of the paper.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. European Drug Report Trends and Developments Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Google Scholar. Instability of the ecstasy market and a new kid on the block: mephedrone. J Psychopharmacol 25 11 —7. Mephedrone: use, subjective effects and health risks. Addiction 11 —6. European Database on New Drugs Leach B. The Telegraph Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 28 4 — J Clin Epidemiol 62 10 — Psychedelics are drugs which alter the perception, causing a number of mental effects which manifest in many forms including altered states of consciousness, visual or tactile effects.
Research chemicals are drugs with relatively little history of human use, and thus particular care should be taken if choosing to ingest them. These drugs pose a higher risk of causing habit forming behaviour, take particular care with the amount and frequency they are taken. They would not exist without him. Factsheet data is now cached locally - if you have visited a page you can now view it offline!
Are you a harm reduction organisation using TripSit? Let us know about you! Summary A selective serotonin releasing agent which is rarely used without a stimulant to obtain desirable effects. Psychedelic Psychedelics are drugs which alter the perception, causing a number of mental effects which manifest in many forms including altered states of consciousness, visual or tactile effects.
Read more on TripSit Wiki Stimulant Stimulants excite the nervous system and increase physiological function. Research Chemical Research chemicals are drugs with relatively little history of human use, and thus particular care should be taken if choosing to ingest them. Habit-forming These drugs pose a higher risk of causing habit forming behaviour, take particular care with the amount and frequency they are taken.
0コメント