Proteins are covalently coupled with a blue chromophore except for two reference bands one green and one red band at 25 kDa and 75 kDa respectively when separated on SDS-PAGE Tris-glycine buffer. This prestained protein ladder is designed for monitoring protein separated during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, verification of Western transfer efficiency on membranes PVDF, nylon, or nitrocellulose and for approximate sizing of proteins.
The ladder is supplied in gel loading buffer and is ready to use. Review other protein ladders in the unstained and prestained protein ladder guide. Our Abpromise guarantee covers the use of ab in the following tested applications. Very easy to use protein ladder in the range from kDa. To our knowledge, customised protocols are not required for this product.
Please try the standard protocols listed below and let us know how you get on. Publishing research using ab? Please let us know so that we can cite the reference in this datasheet. Are these his tagged proteins? Merci pour votre appel. At least six species were found to possess a J Xle amino acid. Xle amino acid can encode either Leu or Ile but during translation produces Leu.
Species that were found to possess Xle amino acids included Arabidopsis thaliana 10 , Dichanthelium oligosanthes 11 , Malus domestica , Momordica charantia 39 , Nelumbo nucifera 29 , and Trifolium pratense At least seven species were found to possess a Z Glx amino acid that codes for either Glu or Gln, which is subsequently translated as Glu.
Species that were found to encode a Glx amino acid included Brachypodium stacei 20 , Dichanthelium oligosanthes 16 , Dunaliella salina 7 , Malus domestica , Momordica charantia 28 , Nelumbo nucifera 14 , and Trifolium pratense Among the studied species, Malus domestica was found to contain highest number of ambiguous amino acids Asx, Xle, and Glx. Bodley and Davie reported the incorporation of ambiguous amino acids in a peptide chain [ 80 ].
The presence of ethanol or streptomycin or a high magnesium ion concentration induces ambiguous coding in the peptide chain [ 80 ]. This explains how the specificity of the protein translation process can be altered by the presence of environmental factors. A high concentration of magnesium ions, organic solvents, antibiotics, pH, and low temperature have the ability to modify the coding specificity of a peptide chain [ 80 ]. Under some conditions poly-U triggers the incorporation of Leu and Ile or Phe [ 80 ].
A proteome-wide analysis of the plant kingdom identified proteins with a great range of molecular mass and isoelectric points. Isoelectric points ranged from 1. It is quite intriguing to think about the functions of protein at pI 1. Proteins with an acidic pI predominate over the proteins with an alkaline pI , and the presence of proteins with a pI that is near neutral is very negligible.
The percentage of proteins with acidic or basic pI is not related to the host cell, alkalinity or acidity of the environment.
The trimodal distribution of pI of plant proteome is due to the differential composition of amino acids in different species and this might be associated with the environmental and ecological pressure. Rate of mutation and nucleotide substitution can also be the other responsible factors associated with composition of the amino acids and hence the pI. Additionally, the GC content of a genome or size distribution of the overall proteome are not directly proportional to the distribution percent basic vs.
The presence of Sec-containing proteins in some algal species needs to be further investigated to determine their functional role. Similarly, the presence of ambiguous amino acids in plant species should be further evaluated individually.
The presence of a pyrrolysine amino acid in the plant kingdom was not observed in the present study. All of the studied sequences were annotated nuclear-encoded proteins. The source code used was as written by Kozlowski Once the molecular mass and isoelectric point of the proteins in each species was determined, they were separated into acidic and basic pI categories. Subsequently, the average pI and percentage of proteins in each category was calculated using a Microsoft excel worksheet.
A graph comparison of isoelectric point versus molecular mass was prepared using a python-based platform. The X-axis data statistics were as follows: mean, 4. The Y-axis data statistics were: mean, 6. Principal component analysis of the plant proteome parameters was carried out using a portable Unscrambler software version 9. For acidic and basic pI , the plant proteome data were grouped according to the plant lineage algae, bryophyte, monocot, and eudicot plants. The average of acidic and basic pI was used to construct the PCA plot.
Similarly, amino acid abundance was also analysed in relation to algae, bryophyte, eudicot, and monocot lineage. Using isoelectric point to determine the pH for initial protein crystallization trials. Kozlowski LP. Biol Direct. Article Google Scholar. Proteome-pI: proteome isoelectric point database. Nucleic acids res. Oxford University Press.
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Isoelectric points and post-translational modifications of connexin26 and connexin Factors influencing the pH equilibrium known as the isoelectric point of plant tissue. The effect of net charge on the solubility, activity, and stability of ribonuclease Sa.
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Whole proteome pl values correlate with subcellular localizations of proteins for organisms within the three domains of life. Genome Res. A regular pattern of two types of residue motif in the sequence of titin. Nat Publ Group. Kurzban GP, Wang K. Giant polypeptides of skeletal muscle titin: sedimentation equilibrium in guanidine hydrochloride.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Leister D. Schneider ABT-. From genes to photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int rev Cytol. Academic Press. Effects of inhibitors on the activity of the cytochrome b6f complex: evidence for the existence of two binding pockets in the Lumenal site. Biochem Am Chem Soc. Some new structural aspects and old controversies concerning the cytochrome B6f complex of oxygenic photosynthesis. Kallas T. The cytochrome b6f complex.
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National Academy of Sciences; ;— Genome reduction and co-evolution between the primary and secondary bacterial symbionts of psyllids. Mol Biol Evol. Genome-wide identification of major protein families of cyanobacteria and genomic insight into the circadian rhythm. Eur J Phycol.
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Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta. Sensitivity of intertidal and subtidal red algae to UVA and UVB radiation, as monitored by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements: influence of collection depth and season, and length of irradiation.
J Appl Phycol. Sillero A, Ribeiro JM. Isoelectric points of proteins: theoretical determination. Anal Biochem. Global analysis of predicted proteomes: functional adaptation of physical properties. The modal distribution of protein isoelectric points reflects amino acid properties rather than sequence evolution. Proteome-wide comparison between the amino acid composition of domains and linkers.
Gibson F, Pittard J. Pathways of biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and vitamins and their control in microorganisms. Bacteriol Rev. Tzin V, Galili G. New insights into the shikimate and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways in plants. Mol Plant. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. Subjects: Science and technology — Life Sciences.
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